ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo explore the effects of different treatment methods of "soothing liver， invigorating spleen， soothing liver and invigorating spleen， soothing liver first and then soothing liver and invigorating spleen， as well as invigorating spleen first and then soothing liver and invigorating spleen" on liver depression combined with liver injury in rats and their action mechanisms. MethodA six-week rat model of liver depression combined with liver injury was established by restraint stress and subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride （CCl4， 5.89 g·kg-1， once every three days）. At the same time， the drugs were given by gavage. Forty-eight male SD rats of clean grade were randomly divided into eight groups， namely the normal group， model group， bicyclol （0.2 g·kg-1） group， Sinisan （4.32 g·kg-1） group， Liu Junzitang （9.26 g·kg-1） group， Chaishao Liu Junzitang A （Chai A， soothing liver and invigorating spleen，13.57 g·kg-1） group， Chaishao Liu Junzitang B （Chai B， soothing liver first and then soothing liver and invigorating spleen， 13.57 g·kg-1） group， and Chaishao Liu Junzitang C （Chai C， invigorating spleen first and then soothing liver and invigorating spleen， 13.57 g·kg-1） group， with six rats in each group. The pathological changes in liver and colon tissues of each group were observed under light microscope and electron microscope. The serum biochemical indexes of the liver were detected using an automatic biochemical analyzer. The relative mRNA expression levels of Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 （TGR5） and intestinal mucosal zona occluden-1 （ZO-1）， Occludin， and Claudin-1 in the liver and colon were detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. The positive expression rate of proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA） in the colon was detected by immunohistochemistry. ResultCompared with normal group， the model group exhibited significantly elevated serum alkaline phosphatase （ALP）， alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， total bilirubin （TBIL）， and direct bilirubin （DBIL） （P<0.01）， lowered TGR5 mRNA expression in liver tissue， up-regulated TGR5 mRNA expression in the colon tissue （P<0.05，P<0.01）， and down-regulated ZO-1， Occludin， and tight junction protein-1 (Claudin-1) mRNA expression and PCNA in the colon tissue （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， bicyclol and Chai C remarkably decreased the levels of serum ALP， ALT， AST， TBIL， and DBIL （P<0.05，P<0.01）， while Liu Junzitang， Chai A， Chai B， and Chai C significantly up-regulated the TGR5 mRNA expression in the liver and down-regulated its expression in the colon （P<0.01）. Bicyclol， Chai A， Chai B， and Chai C enhanced the ZO-1 and Claudin-1 mRNA expression in the colon （P<0.05，P<0.01）. Bicyclol， Sinisan， and Chai C increased PCNA expression （P<0.01）. The comparison with the Chai C group showed that the TGR5 mRNA expression in the liver and ZO-1 mRNA expression in the colon of the bicyclol and Sinisan groups were lower， whereas the TGR5 mRNA expression in the colon was higher （P<0.01）. However， the PCNA expression in the colon of the Liu Junzitang and Chai B groups declined significantly （P<0.05）. ConclusionIn the presence of liver injury， invigorating spleen first helps to relieve the liver injury， and the efficacy of "spleen-invigorating" therapy in increasing the intestinal mucosal tight junction proteins and improving the gastrointestinal function is related to its activation of TGR5 to improve the intestinal mucosal barrier function， promote the renewal of intestinal stem cells， and drive the regeneration after injury.
ABSTRACT
Background The incidence of myopia is increase.Some researches documented that formation of myopia is closely related with weakness of the accommodative response,enhancement of accommodative lag and accommodative microfluctuations in short-distance use of eyes.However,there still is controversy.Objective This study sought to compare the accommodative microfluctuations among emmetropic and myopic school-aged children at reading,and to discuss its potential relationship with the onset and development of myopia.Methods A casecontrolled study was designed.Eighty-nine children aged 8-12 years old were recruited in this study,including 47emmetropic children and 42 myopic children.Refractive error were checked by subjective refraction in phoropters and binocular vision and stereopsis were examined in all the subjects.A Grand Seiko WAM5500 auto-refractor was used to measure the accommodative responses and accommodative microfluctuations with different stimulus in 40 cm and 25 cm.The differences in accommodative response and accommodative microfluctuations at 25 cm and 40 cm reading distance were compared between the emmetropic children and myopic children using independent sample t test,and change of accommodative microfluctuations in myopic children at 25 cm and 40 cm reading distance was evaluated by paired t test.Results When the reading distance was 25 cm and 40 cm,the accommodative responses of emmetropes were (2.67 ±0.31) D and (1.70 ±0.23) D,and they were higher than (2.31 ± 0.33) D and (1.49 ±0.24) D of myopes,showing significant differences (t =5.330,P =0.000; t =4.140,P =0.000).Accommodative microfluctuation of myopes was(0.35 ±0.16)D in 25 cm reading distance and that of emmtropes was(0.26±0.08)D,with significant difference between them (t =3.180,P =0.002).However,there was not significant difference in accommodative microfluctuation at 40 cm reading distance between the myopic children and emmtropie children [(0.27±0.10) D vs.(0.24±0.09) D] (P=0.220).In myopic children,the accommodative microfluctuation at 25 cm reading distance was(0.35±0.16) D,showing a much increase than(0.27±0.10) D at 40 cm reading distance(t=3.850,P =0.000),but an insignificant difference in the accommodative mierofluctuations was seen between the 25 cm and 40 cm reading distance in the emmetropic children (P =0.145).Conclusions With the increased accommodative stimulus,myopic children present lower accommodative responses and larger accommodative microfluctuations.
ABSTRACT
Background Researches showed that as the non-optical factors,cognitive has certain influence on the regulating system.So accurately experimental design is one of the key steps that evaluates the non-optical factors on regulating system.Objective The present study was to investigate the influence of presenting pattern of target and watching way on the level and amplitude of accommodative fluctuate and to analyze the effect of focus gaze of cognitive on regulating system and the relationship between focus gaze condition under near work and the development of myopia.Methods This study complied with Declaration of Helsinki,and the permission of Ethic Committee and written informed consent was obtained before entering in this trial.Thirty healthy volunteers were included with the mean age (24.80 ± 1.98) years old,equivalent refractive diopter (-1.92 ± 2.02) D and mean cylinder (-0.19±0.58) D.The presenting pattern of the targets was designed as focus gaze and relaxed gaze.The accommodative response and accommodative fluctuation in the complete corrected right eyes for the different targets at the 40 cm under the gazing state was recorded with Grand Seiko WAM 5500 automatic infrared refractor in the experiment.Results The mean accommodative response value was (1.86±0.26) D under the focus gaze and (1.27±0.39) D under the relax gaze,showing a statistically significant difference (t=-8.052,P=0.000).The mean fluctuate value was(0.17±0.06) D under the focus gaze,with a significant lowing in comparison with (0.28±0.17) D under the relax gaze (t =3.600,P =0.001).Conclusions These results demonstrate that the different presenting patterns of sighting target and watching ways of the subjects affect accommodation system.The accommodative response was relatively more accurate with a smaller microwavc moving under the focus gaze condition.